--- title: AQL Improvements in 2.5 - ArangoDB description: Contained in 2.5 are some small but useful AQL language improvements plus several AQL optimizer improvements. We are working on further AQL improvements for 2.5, but work is still ongoing. This post summarizes the improvements that are already completed and will be shipped with the initial ArangoDB 2.5 release. --- ArangoDB 3.12 Product Release Announcement! Read the blog for details. 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Learn - [Documentation](https://docs.arangodb.com/stable/) - [Developer Hub](https://developer.arangodb.com/) - [ArangoDB University](https://university.arangodb.com/) - [Blog](https://arangodb.com/blog/) - [Certification](https://arangodb.com/learn/certification/) - [Community](https://arangodb.com/community/) - [Events](https://arangodb.com/events/) - [Resources](https://arangodb.com/resources/) - [Training Center](https://arangodb.com/learn/) - Company - [About Us](https://arangodb.com/about-us/) - [Team](https://arangodb.com/about-arangodb/) - [Partners](https://arangodb.com/partners/) - [News](https://arangodb.com/news/) - [Careers](https://arangodb.applytojob.com/apply) - [Pricing](https://arangodb.com/download-major/pricing/) [**Start Free** ArangoGraph Cloud](https://dashboard.arangodb.cloud/signup?acceptedTermsAndConditions=1) [**Download Now** ArangoDB Enterprise](https://arangodb.com/download-arangodb-enterprise/) ![Vector-5](https://blog.arangodb.com/hubfs/Imported_Blog_Media/search.svg) # AQL Improvements in 2.5 February 27, 2015 Tags: [AQL](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/aql), [Query Language](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/query-language), [Performance](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/performance) [Twitter](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/2015/02/aql-improvements-in-2-5-2) [LinkedIn](http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/2015/02/aql-improvements-in-2-5-2) [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/share?url=https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/2015/02/aql-improvements-in-2-5-2) [Yahoo](https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/2015/02/aql-improvements-in-2-5-2%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dgoogle_plus) ![](https://blog.arangodb.com/hubfs/ArangoDB-Blog/clock.svg)Estimated reading time: 4 minutes Contained in 2.5 are some small but useful AQL language improvements plus several AQL optimizer improvements. We are working on further AQL improvements for 2.5, but work is still ongoing. This post summarizes the improvements that are already completed and will be shipped with the initial ArangoDB 2.5 release. ### Language improvements ### Dynamic attribute names Often the need arises to dynamically name object attributes in return values. In AQL this was not directly possible so far, though there were some workarounds available to achieve about the same result. [The recipe about dynamic attribute names](https://www.arangodb.com/docs/stable/aql/examples-dynamic-attribute-names.html) summarizes the options that are available to pre-ArangoDB 2.5 users. With ArangoDB 2.5, dynamic attribute names can be constructed much more easily and flexibly. Object attribute names in ArangoDB 2.5 can be specified using static string literals, bind parameters, and dynamic expressions. Dynamic expressions are most interesting, and to disambiguate them from other regular string literal attribute names, dynamic attribute names need to be enclosed in square brackets (`[` and `]`). I have written about that before in [this blog](https://jsteemann.github.io/blog/2015/02/03/using-dynamic-attribute-names-in-aql/). Here is an example query that uses the new syntax: ``` FOR i IN [ 17, 23, 42, 83 ] RETURN { [ CONCAT('value-of-', i, ' * ', i) ] : i * i } ``` This will produce: ``` [ { "value-of-17 * 17" : 289 }, { "value-of-23 * 23" : 529 }, { "value-of-42 * 42" : 1764 }, { "value-of-83 * 83" : 6889 } ] ``` ### Functions added The following AQL functions have been added in 2.5: - `MD5(value)`: produces the MD5 hash of `value` - `SHA1(value)`: produces the SHA1 hash of `value` - `RANDOM_TOKEN(length)`: produces a pseudo-random string of the specified length. Such strings can be used for id or token generation. Tokens consist only of letters (lower and upper case) plus digits, so they are also URL-safe ### Optimizer improvements ### Optimizer rules The following AQL optimizer rules have been added in ArangoDB 2.5: - `propagate-constant-attributes` This rule will look inside `FILTER` conditions for constant value equality comparisons, and insert the constant values in other places in `FILTER`s. For example, the rule will insert `42` instead of `i.value` in the second `FILTER` of the following query: ``` FOR i IN c1 FOR j IN c2 FILTER i.value == 42 FILTER j.value == i.value RETURN 1 ``` - `move-calculations-down` This rule moves calculations down in the execution plan as far as possible. The intention is to move calculations beyond filters, in order to avoid calculations and computations for documents that will be filtered away anyway. If a query contains a lot of computations and a lot of documents will be skipped because of filters, this rule might provide a big benefit. A more detailed example is provided in [this post](https://jsteemann.github.io/blog/2015/01/31/yaor-yet-another-optimizer-rule/). The already existing optimizer rule `use-index-for-sort` was also improved in the following way: - the rule can now remove `SORT`s also in case a non-sorted index (i.e. a hash index) is used for an equality lookup and all sort attributes are covered by the index. - the rule can also remove `SORT`s in case the sort critieria excludes the left-most index attributes, but the left-most index attributes are used in a `FILTER` for equality-only lookups. Here is an example that will use an existing skiplist index on \[ `value1`, `value2` \] for sorting, removing the extra `SORT`: ``` FOR doc IN collection FILTER doc.value1 == 1 SORT doc.value2 RETURN doc ``` ### Index usage The AQL optimizer now supports [sparse indexes](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/2015/02/sparse-indexes-in-arangodb), a feature added in 2.5. It will use them automatically in queries when appropriate and when safe. Sparse indexes do exclude certain documents purposely, so the optimizer always has to figure out whether it can use a sparse index to satisfy a given `FILTER` condition. The optimizer will also take into account index selectivity estimates when there are multiple index candidates. ### Estimates The optimizer estimates for the number of documents to be returned by a query or a subquery are more accurate now for several types of queries. For example, if the optimizer can use a primary key, an edge index, or a hash index in a given query part, it will use the index selectivity estimates for calculating the number of return documents. These estimates will be a lot more accurate than the previoulsy hard-coded filtering factors, and can lead to better optimizer decisions and reporting (because estimates are returned in `explain` results, too). ### Memory savings Finally, the optimizer will now detect if the data-modification part in a data-modification query can be executed in lockstep with the data-retrieval part of the same query. Previously, a data-modification query always executed its data-retrieval part first, and then executed its data-modification part. This could have resulted in big intermediate result sets which to retrieval part constructed in order to pass them to the modification part of the query. Here’s an example query: ``` FOR doc IN test INSERT doc INTO backup ``` In the above query, the `FOR` loop is the retrieval part, and the `INSERT` is the modification part. The optimizer in 2.5 will check if the two parts of the query are independent, and if it turns out they are, will execute them in lockstep instead of sequentially. The execution in lockstep is not necessarily faster than sequential execution, but it can save lots of memory if the data-retrieval part constructed big intermediate result sets. ### Miscellaneous changes The AQL query execution statistics now also provide an attribute `filtered`. Its value indicates how many documents were filtered by `FilterNodes` in the AQL query. This can be used as an indicator for whether indexes should be added, and for how effective indexes are used for filtering. [Previously published on Jan’s J@Arango blog](http://jsteemann.github.io/blog/2015/02/26/aql-improvements-in-25/) [Twitter](https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/2015/02/aql-improvements-in-2-5-2) [LinkedIn](http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/2015/02/aql-improvements-in-2-5-2) [Reddit](https://www.reddit.com/share?url=https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/2015/02/aql-improvements-in-2-5-2) [Yahoo](https://plus.google.com/share?url=https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/2015/02/aql-improvements-in-2-5-2%3Futm_medium%3Dsocial%26utm_source%3Dgoogle_plus) ![Picture of Jan Steemann](https://blog.arangodb.com/hubfs/Imported_Blog_Media/Authors/Jan-Steemann-100x100.webp) February 27, 2015 , [Jan Steemann](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/author/jan-steemann) After more than 30 years of playing around with 8 bit computers, assembler and scripting languages, Jan decided to move on to work in database engineering. Jan is now a senior C/C++ developer with the ArangoDB core team, being there from version 0.1. He is mostly working on performance optimization, storage engines and the querying functionality. He also wrote most of AQL (ArangoDB’s query language). ### Leave a Comment Tags - [General](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/general) - [Release](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/release) - [Community](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/community) - [Releases](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/releases) - [Performance](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/performance) - [Tutorial](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/tutorial) - [Foxx](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/foxx) - [AQL](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/aql) - [API](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/api) - [Newsletter](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/newsletter) - [Cluster](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/cluster) - [Graph](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/graph) - [Graphs](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/graphs) - [Documentation](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/documentation) - [Javascript](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/javascript) - [Query Language](https://blog.arangodb.com/blog/topic/query-language) - 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